National Election Watch and Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) have analysed the self-sworn affidavits of 539 out of 542 Winners in the Lok Sabha 2019 Elections. Elections in Vellore constituency has been cancelled. 3 Winners were not analysed due to the unavailability of their clear and complete affidavits on the ECI website at the time of making this report.
Criminal Background
- Winners with Declared Criminal Cases Out of the 539 Winners analysed in Lok Sabha 2019, 233 (43%) Winners have declared criminal cases against themselves. Out of 542 Winners analysed during Lok Sabha elections in 2014, 185(34%) Winners had declared criminal cases against themselves. Out of 543 Winners analysed during Lok Sabha elections in 2009, 162 (30%) Winners had declared criminal cases against themselves. There is an increase of 44% in the number of MPs with declared criminal cases since 2009.
- Winners with Serious Criminal Cases: 159 (29%) Winners in Lok Sabha 2019 Elections have declared serious criminal cases including cases related to rape, murder, attempt to murder, kidnapping, crimes against women etc. Out of 542 Winners analysed during Lok Sabha elections in 2014, 112(21%) Winners had declared serious criminal cases against themselves. Out of 543 Winners analysed during Lok Sabha elections in 2009, 76(14%) Winners had declared serious criminal cases against themselves. There is an increase of 109% in the number of MPs with declared serious criminal cases since 2009.
- An INC Winner, Dean Kuriakose from Idukki constituency has declared 204 criminal cases against himself, including cases related to committing culpable homicide, house trespass, robbery, criminal intimidation etc.
| Lok Sabha Election Year | Total Number of Winners Analysed | Number of Winners With Declared Criminal Cases | Percentage of Winners with Declared Criminal Cases | Number of Winners With Declared Serious Criminal Cases | Percentage of Winners with Declared Serious Criminal Cases |
| 2009 | 543 | 162 | 30% | 76 | 14% |
| 2014 | 542 | 185 | 34% | 112 | 21% |
| 2019 | 539 | 233 | 43% | 159 | 29% |
Table: Winners with Declared Criminal Cases: 2009, 2014, And 2019
- Winners with declared convicted cases: 10 Winners have declared convicted cases against themselves. The details of these winners are given below:
| S.No. | Name | State | Constituency | Party | Total Cases(including pending cases) | Serious IPC | Other IPC |
| 1 | Dean Kuriakose | Kerala | Idukki | INC | 204 | 37 | 887 |
| 2 | Chhatar Singh Darbar | Madhya Pradesh | Dhar | BJP | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| 3 | Kailash Choudhary | Rajasthan | Barmer | BJP | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 4 | Manoj Kishorbhai Kotak | Maharashtra | Mumbai North East | BJP | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 5 | T.N. Prathapan | Kerala | Thrissur | INC | 7 | 1 | 35 |
| 6 | K. Sudhakaran | Kerala | Kannur | INC | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| 7 | Talari Rangaiah | Andhra Pradesh | Anantapur | YSRCP | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 8 | V K Sreekandan | Kerala | Palakkad | INC | 7 | 0 | 29 |
| 9 | Jagdambika Pal | Uttar Pradesh | Domariyaganj | BJP | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 10 | Rajbahadur Singh | Madhya Pradesh | Sagar | BJP | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Table: Winners with declared convicted cases
- Winners with cases related to murder: 11 Winners have declared cases related to murder (Indian Penal Code Section-302). The details of these winners are given below:
| S.No. | Name | State | Constituency | Party | Total Cases | Serious IPC | Other IPC |
| 1 | Horen Sing Bey | ASSAM | AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT | BJP | 2 | 12 | 6 |
| 2 | Sri Nisith Pramanik | WEST BENGAL | COOCH BEHAR | BJP | 11 | 21 | 23 |
| 3 | Ajay Kumar | UTTAR PRADESH | KHERI | BJP | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 4 | Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur | MADHYA PRADESH | BHOPAL | BJP | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| 5 | Chhatar Singh Darbar | MADHYA PRADESH | DHAR | BJP | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| 6 | Atul Kumar Singh | UTTAR PRADESH | GHOSI | BSP | 13 | 14 | 23 |
| 7 | Afzal Ansari | UTTAR PRADESH | GHAZIPUR | BSP | 5 | 3 | 11 |
| 8 | Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury | WEST BENGAL | BAHARAMPUR | INC | 7 | 12 | 24 |
| 9 | Naba Kumar Sarania | ASSAM | KOKRAJHAR | IND | 5 | 14 | 7 |
| 10 | Bhonsle Shrimant Chhatrapati Udayanraje Pratapasinh Maharaj | MAHARASHTRA | SATARA | NCP | 8 | 17 | 44 |
| 11 | Kuruva Gorantla Madhav | ANDHRA PRADESH | HINDUPUR | YSRCP | 2 | 4 | 0 |
Table: Winners with declared cases related to murder
- Winners with cases related to Attempt to Murder: 30 Winners have declared cases of attempt to murder (IPC Section-307).
- Winners with cases related to Crimes against Women: 19 Winners have declared cases related to crimes against women. Out of 19 Winners, 3 Winners have declared cases related to rape (IPC Section-376). The details of these winners are given below:
| S.No. | Name | State | Constituency | Party | Total Cases | Serious IPC | Other IPC |
| 1 | Saumitra Khan | WEST BENGAL | BISHNUPUR | BJP | 6 | 19 | 3 |
| 2 | Hibi Eden | KERALA | ERNAKULAM | INC | 7 | 2 | 26 |
| 3 | Kuruva Gorantla Madhav | ANDHRA PRADESH | HINDUPUR | YSRCP | 2 | 4 | 0 |
Table: Winners with declared cases related to rape
- Winners with cases related to Kidnapping: 6 Winners have declared cases related to kidnapping. The details of these winners are given below:
| S.No. | Name | State | Constituency | Party | Total Cases | Serious IPC | Other IPC |
| 1 | Horen Sing Bey | Assam | Autonomous District | BJP | 2 | 12 | 6 |
| 2 | Satyapal Singh Baghel | Uttar Pradesh | Agra | BJP | 5 | 8 | 9 |
| 3 | Kishan Kapoor | Himachal Pradesh | Kangra | BJP | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| 4 | Pankaj Choudhary | Uttar Pradesh | Maharajganj | BJP | 5 | 6 | 9 |
| 5 | Atul Kumar Singh | Uttar Pradesh | Ghosi | BSP | 13 | 14 | 23 |
| 6 | Naba Kumar Sarania | Assam | Kokrajhar | Independent | 5 | 14 | 7 |
Table: Winners with declared cases related to kidnapping
- Winners with cases related to Hate Speech: 29 Winners have declared cases related to hate speech.
- Chances of Winning for candidates with Declared Criminal Cases: The chances of winning for a candidate with declared criminal cases in the Lok Sabha 2019 is 15.5% whereas for a candidate with a clean background, it is 4.7%.
- Party wise Winners with Criminal Cases: 116(39%) out of 301 Winners from BJP, 29(57%) out of 51 Winners from INC, 10(43%) out of 23 Winners from DMK, 9(41%) out of 22 Winners fielded by AITC and 13 (81%) out of 16 winners from JD(U) have declared criminal cases against themselves in their affidavits.
- Party wise Winners with Serious Criminal Cases: 87(29%) out of 301 Winners from BJP, 19(37%) out of 51 Winners from INC, 6 (26%) out of 23 Winners from DMK, 4(18%) out of 22 Winners fielded by AITC and 8 (50%) out of 16 winners from JD (U) have declared serious criminal cases against themselves in their affidavits.
Financial Background
- Crorepati Winners: Out of the 539 Winners analysed, 475 (88%) are crorepatis. Out of 542 Winners analysed during Lok Sabha 2014 elections, 443 (82%) Winners were crorepatis. Out of 543 Winners analysed during Lok Sabha 2009 elections, 315(58%) Winners were crorepatis.
| S.No. | Lok Sabha Election Year | Total Number of Winners Analysed | Crorepati Winners | Percentage of Crorepati Winners |
| 1 | 2009 | 543 | 315 | 58% |
| 2 | 2014 | 542 | 443 | 82% |
| 3 | 2019 | 539 | 475 | 88% |
Table: Crorepati Winners: 2009, 2014, And 2019
- Party wise Crorepati Winners: 265(88%) out of 301 Winners from BJP, 43 (84%) out of 51 Winners from INC, 22 (96%) out of 23 Winners from DMK, 20(91%) out of 22 Winners fielded by AITC, 19(86%) out of 22 Winners fielded by YSRCP,and 18(100%) Winners from SHS have declared assets worth more than Rs. 1 crore.
- Chances of Winning based on assets: The chance of winning for a crorepati candidate in the Lok Sabha 2019 is 21%, whereas chance of winning for a candidate with assets less than Rs. 1 crore is 1%.
| Value of assets(Rs.) | No of candidates | No of Winners | % of Winners |
| Rs.5 cr and above | 883 | 266 | 30.1% |
| Rs.2 crores to Rs. 5 crores | 678 | 125 | 18.4% |
| Rs. 50 lakhs to Rs.2 crores | 1601 | 112 | 7% |
| Rs. 10 lakhs to Rs.50 lakhs | 2069 | 27 | 1.3% |
| less than Rs.10 lakhs | 2699 | 9 | 0.3% |
Table: Chances of Winning on the basis of Assets
- Average assets: The average of assets per Winner in the Lok Sabha Elections 2019 is Rs 20.93 Crore.
- Party wise average assets: Among major parties, the average assets per Winner for 301 BJP Winners is Rs 14.52 Crores, 51 INC Winners have average assets of Rs 38.71 Crores, 23 DMK Winners have average assets worth Rs 24.51 Crores, 22 YSRCP Winners have average assets worth Rs 54.85 Crore, and 22 AITC Winners have average assets of Rs. 6.15 crores.
- High asset Winners*: The 3 richest Winners in the Lok Sabha 2019 Elections are given below:
| S.No. | Name | State | Constituency | Party Name | Movable Assets (Rs) | Immovable Assets (Rs) | Total Assets (Rs) | PAN Given |
| 1 | Nakul Nath | MADHYA PRADESH | CHHINDWARA | INC | 6,18,41,72,757 | 41,77,74,000 | 6,60,19,46,757 660 Crore+ |
Y |
| 2 | Vasanthakumar H | TAMIL NADU | KANNIYAKUMARI | INC | 2,30,49,30,444 | 1,87,00,00,000 | 4,17,49,30,444 417 Crore+ |
Y |
| 3 | D.K. Suresh | KARNATAKA | BANGALORE RURAL | INC | 33,30,03,790 | 3,05,59,16,927 | 3,38,89,20,717 338 Crore+ |
Y |
Table: Top three Winners with highest declared assets
- Low asset Winners: The details of top 3 Winners with low assets are given below :
| S.No. | Name | State | Constituency | Party Name | Movable Assets (Rs) | Immovable Assets (Rs) | Total Assets (Rs) | PAN Given |
| 1 | Goddeti Madhavi | ANDHRA PRADESH | ARAKU | YSRCP | 1,41,179 | 0 | 1,41,179 1 Lacs+ |
Y |
| 2 | Chandrani Murmu | ODISHA | KEONJHAR | BJD | 3,40,580 | 0 | 3,40,580 3 Lacs+ |
Y |
| 3 | Mahant Balak Nath | RAJASTHAN | ALWAR | BJP | 3,52,929 | 0 | 3,52,929 3 Lacs+ |
Y |
Table: Top 3 low asset Winners
- Winners with high liabilities: The top three Winners with highest liabilities are as given below;
| S.No. | Name | State | Constituency | Party Name | Total Assets(Rs) | Liabilities (Rs) | Disputed liabilities (Rs) | PAN Given |
| 1 | Vasanthakumar H | TAMIL NADU | KANNIYAKUMARI | INC | 4,17,49,30,444 417 Crore+ |
# 1,54,75,11,439 154 Crore+ |
11,60,689 11 Lacs+ |
Y |
| 2 | Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah | UTTARAKHAND | TEHRI GARHWAL | BJP | 1,84,66,40,100 184 Crore+ |
1,35,00,00,000 135 Crore+ |
0 | Y |
| 3 | Malook Nagar | UTTAR PRADESH | BIJNOR | BSP | 2,49,96,28,021 249 Crore+ |
# 1,01,61,48,176 101 Crore+ |
20,48,20,865 20 Crore+ |
Y |
Table: Top three Winners with high liabilities
#Disputed Liabilities
- Undeclared PAN: A total of 4 out of the 539 Winners analysed have not declared their PAN details.
- Winners with high income as declared in the ITR*: The details of top 3 winners with the highest income are given below :
| S.No. | Name | Party Name | Constituency | State | Total Asset (Rs) | Self Source of Income | Spouse’s Source of Income | The financial year for which the last income tax the return has been filed by the winner | Total income shown by winner in ITR (Self+Spouse+
Dependent) (Rs) |
Self income shown by winner in ITR (Rs) |
| 1 | Jayadev Galla | TDP | GUNTUR | ANDHRA PRADESH | 3,05,14,85,242 305 Crore+ | business, agriculture, salary from parliament,income from investment and rents | business and income from investments | 2017-2018 | 43,44,33,800 43 Crore+ | 40,16,09,970 40 Crore+ |
| 2 | Dr.Gaddam Ranjith Reddy | TRS | CHEVELLA | TELANGANA | 1,63,46,95,131 163 Crore+ | Salary Income, Rental Income, Business Income & Agriculture Income | Salary Income, Rental Income & Agriculture Income | 2017-2018 | 33,43,25,847 33 Crore+ | 16,82,34,433 16 Crore+ |
| 3 | Vasanthakumar H | INC | KANNIYAKUMARI | TAMIL NADU | 4,17,49,30,444 417 Crore+ | Business | Nil | 2017-2018 | 28,95,96,120 28 Crore+ | 28,93,59,990 28 Crore+ |
Table: Top 3 Winners with high income as declared in ITR
*Total income includes income of self, spouse and dependents
Other Background Details
- Education details of Winners: 128 (24%) Winners have declared their educational qualification to be between 5th pass and 12th pass, while 392 (73%) Winners have declared having an educational qualification of graduate and above. 1Winner has declared himself to be just literate and 1 Winner is Illiterate.
- Age details of Winners: 194 (36%) Winners have declared their age to be between 25 and 50 years while 343 (64%) Winners have declared their age to be between 51 and 80 years. 2 Winners have declared they are more than 80 years old.
- Gender details of Winners: There are 77 (14%) women Winners in the Lok Sabha election this year. Out of 542 Winners analysed in the Lok Sabha elections 2014, 62 (11%) Winners were women. Out of 543 Winners analysed in the Lok Sabha elections 2009, 59 (11%) Winners were women.
Comparative Analysis of the assets of re-elected MPs
- Average Assets in 2014: The average assets of these 225 re-elected MPs fielded by various parties including independents in 2014 was Rs 17.07 Crores.
- Average Assets in 2019 Elections: The average asset of these 225 re-elected MPs in 2019 is Rs 21.94 Crores.
- Average Asset growth in 5 years (2014-2019): The average asset growth for these 225 re-elected MPs, between the Lok Sabha Elections of 2014 and 2019 is Rs 4.87 Crores.
- Percentage growth in 5 years (2014-2019): Average percentage growth in assets for these 225 re-elected MPs is 29%.
| S.No. | Party in Lok Sabha 2019 | Total Number of Winners | Average Assets in Lok Sabha 2019(Rs.) | Average Assets in Loksabha 2014(Rs.) | Average Asset Increase/Decrease(Rs.) | Average % Increase/decrease in Asset |
| 1. | BJP | 154 | 16,93,66,920 16 Crore+ |
12,48,80,142 12 Crore+ |
4,44,86,778 4 Crore+ |
35.62% |
| 2. | AITC | 15 | 5,89,49,046 5 Crore+ |
3,27,23,241 3 Crore+ |
2,62,25,805 2 Crore+ |
80.14% |
| 3. | INC | 14 | 36,93,83,109 36 Crore+ |
14,75,08,188 14 Crore+ |
22,18,74,921 22 Crore+ |
150.42% |
| 4. | SHS | 13 | 15,53,13,720 15 Crore+ |
9,44,42,670 9 Crore+ |
6,08,71,050 6 Crore+ |
64.45% |
| 5. | LJP | 3 | 4,85,43,451 4 Crore+ |
3,00,14,195 3 Crore+ |
1,85,29,256 1 Crore+ |
61.73% |
| 6. | TDP | 3 | 1,32,74,76,233 132 Crore+ |
2,73,29,59,151 273 Crore+ |
-1,40,54,82,918 | -51% |
| 7. | NCP | 3 | 1,13,55,46,839 113 Crore+ |
58,19,06,059 58 Crore+ |
55,36,40,780 55 Crore+ |
95.14% |
| 8. | TRS | 3 | 85,97,74,347 85 Crore+ |
57,28,26,690 57 Crore+ |
28,69,47,657 28 Crore+ |
50.09% |
| 9. | IUML | 2 | 3,05,17,905 3 Crore+ |
3,33,40,418 3 Crore+ |
-28,22,513 | -8% |
| 10. | JD(U) | 2 | 3,51,43,973 3 Crore+ |
1,70,64,656 1 Crore+ |
1,80,79,317 1 Crore+ |
105.95% |
| 11. | BJD | 2 | 64,07,98,160 64 Crore+ |
72,99,12,651 72 Crore+ |
-8,91,14,491 | -12% |
| 12. | IND | 1 | 1,30,13,994 1 Crore+ |
21,55,559 21 Lacs+ |
1,08,58,435 1 Crore+ |
503.74% |
| 13. | Revolutionary Socialist Party | 1 | 1,75,00,650 1 Crore+ |
1,62,28,989 1 Crore+ |
12,71,661 12 Lacs+ |
7.84% |
| 14. | AIUDF | 1 | 78,80,64,044 78 Crore+ |
43,27,48,134 43 Crore+ |
35,53,15,910 35 Crore+ |
82.11% |
| 15. | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | 1 | 12,19,04,435 12 Crore+ |
14,18,85,154 14 Crore+ |
-1,99,80,719 | -14% |
| 16. | AAP | 1 | 1,64,27,274 1 Crore+ |
4,30,57,512 4 Crore+ |
-2,66,30,238 | -62% |
| 17. | SP | 1 | 20,56,04,593 20 Crore+ |
15,96,71,544 15 Crore+ |
4,59,33,049 4 Crore+ |
28.77% |
| 18. | SAD | 1 | 2,17,99,19,870 217 Crore+ |
1,08,16,64,910 108 Crore+ |
1,09,82,54,960 109 Crore+ |
101.53% |
| 19. | Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party | 1 | 12,81,17,474 12 Crore+ |
12,75,42,708 12 Crore+ |
5,74,766 5 Lacs+ |
0.45% |
| 20. | JMM | 1 | 1,29,19,555 1 Crore+ |
68,63,306 68 Lacs+ |
60,56,249 60 Lacs+ |
88.24% |
| 21. | Apna Dal (Soneylal) | 1 | 2,69,00,662 2 Crore+ |
2,68,58,156 2 Crore+ |
42,506 42 Thou+ |
0.16% |
| 22. | AIMIM | 1 | 17,90,44,376 17 Crore+ |
4,06,11,099 4 Crore+ |
13,84,33,277 13 Crore+ |
340.88% |
| GRAND TOTAL | 225 | 21,94,37,968.32 21 Crore+ |
17,07,03,558.26 17 Crore+ |
4,87,34,410.06 4 Crore+ |
29% |
Table : Party Wise Average Assets increase/ decrease of Re-elected MPs
Top 10 Re-elected MPs with highest asset increase (Rupees- wise) *
| S.No. | Name | Source of Income (Self) | Source of Income (Spouse) | Party in Lok Sabha 2019 | Party in Loksabha 2014 | State in Lok Sabha 2019 | Constituency in Lok Sabha 2019 | Constituency in Loksabha 2014 | Assets in Lok Sabha 2019(Rs.) | Assets in Loksabha 2014(Rs.) | Asset Increase/decrease(Rs.) | % Increase/decrease in Asset | Total Annual Income as per last return(Rs.) |
| 1. | D.K. Suresh | Salary , Capital Gains , Agriculture Income & Other Sources ( Such As bank Interest) | Nil | INC | INC | KARNATAKA | BANGALORE RURAL | BANGALORE RURAL | 3,38,89,20,717 338 Crore+ |
85,87,13,138 85 Crore+ |
2,53,02,07,579 253 Crore+ |
295% | 1,87,81,090 1 Crore+ |
| 2. | Bhonsle Shrimant Chhatrapati Udayanraje Pratapasinh Maharaj | Agriculture, Inerest Income, Rent, Salary & Others | Rent, Interest Income & Others | NCP | NCP | MAHARASHTRA | SATARA | SATARA | 1,99,68,13,173 199 Crore+ |
60,60,89,208 60 Crore+ |
1,39,07,23,965 139 Crore+ |
229% | 1,40,56,080 1 Crore+ |
| 3. | Harsimrat Kaur Badal | Salary as Minister ,Rent, Interest and Agriculture Income | Salary as MLA,Rental Income, Interest and Agriculture Income | SAD | SAD | PUNJAB | BATHINDA | BATHINDA | 2,17,99,19,870 217 Crore+ |
1,08,16,64,910 108 Crore+ |
1,09,82,54,960 109 Crore+ |
102% | 2,62,83,388 2 Crore+ |
| 4. | Hema Malini Dharmendra Deol | Business & Rent & Interest | Business & Pension & Interest | BJP | BJP | UTTAR PRADESH | MATHURA | MATHURA | 2,50,82,70,292 250 Crore+ |
1,78,20,15,620 178 Crore+ |
72,62,54,672 72 Crore+ |
41% | 2,23,43,260 2 Crore+ |
| 5. | Kotha Prabhakar Reddy | RENTAL INCOME & REMUNERATION AS MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT | BUSINESS | TRS | TRS | TELANGANA | MEDAK | MEDAK : BYE ELECTION ON 13-09-2014 | 1,26,65,81,773 126 Crore+ |
68,43,85,203 68 Crore+ |
58,21,96,570 58 Crore+ |
85% | 92,19,758 92 Lacs+ |
| 6. | Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria | Agriculture, Business and Remuneration from Lok Sabha | Agriculture, Business and Interest Income | BJP | BJP | RAJASTHAN | TONK SAWAI MADHOPUR | TONK SAWAI MADHOPUR | 1,23,38,02,420 123 Crore+ |
71,41,24,612 71 Crore+ |
51,96,77,808 51 Crore+ |
73% | 11,59,340 11 Lacs+ |
| 7. | Jigajinagi Ramesh Chandappa | Agriculture | Dead | BJP | BJP | KARNATAKA | BIJAPUR | BIJAPUR | 50,41,22,985 50 Crore+ |
8,94,29,828 8 Crore+ |
41,46,93,157 41 Crore+ |
464% | 44,32,850 44 Lacs+ |
| 8. | Shrirang Chandu Barne | Agriculture , Construction Business, Salary | Housewife, Agriculture And Transport Business | SHS | SHS | MAHARASHTRA | MAVAL | MAVAL | 1,02,33,10,134 102 Crore+ |
66,50,47,926 66 Crore+ |
35,82,62,208 35 Crore+ |
54% | 45,59,571 45 Lacs+ |
| 9. | Badruddin Ajmal | Business, Bank Interest, Remuneration from Partnership Firm, MP Salary, Gains on sale of Property, Profit from Partnership Firms Etc. | Bank interest, Dividend, Gains on Sale of Property etc. | AIUDF | AIUDF | ASSAM | DHUBRI | DHUBRI | 78,80,64,044 78 Crore+ |
43,27,48,134 43 Crore+ |
35,53,15,910 35 Crore+ |
82% | 4,29,08,120 4 Crore+ |
| 10. | Nishikant Dubey | Salaried Income | Rental Income, Income from Profession | BJP | BJP | JHARKHAND | GODDA | GODDA | 46,27,57,500 46 Crore+ |
15,56,33,719 15 Crore+ |
30,71,23,781 30 Crore+ |
197% | 2,45,41,830 2 Crore+ |
Table: Assets Comparison of top 10 re-elected MPs – rupees –wise
*There could be assets for which the winner might not have disclosed the value in 2019 or in the affidavit from the previous election
For the complete report, please go to: https://adrindia.org/content/lok-sabha-elections-2019-analysis-criminal-background-financial-education-gender-and-other
